This report updates results from previous reports about the effects of sanctions for juveniles, females, and minority groups. Findings are: 1. Type of sanction is unrelated to decreases in recidivism under any of the three conditions. 2. There are no differential effects of type of sanction on any of the 3 groups examined. 3. There are tentative indications that increasing lengths of incarceration are associated with slightly greater increases in recidivism. Conclusions are: 1. Prisons and intermediate sanctions should not be used with the expectation of reducing criminal behavior. 2. Excessive use of incarceration may have substantial cost implications. 3. In order to determine who is being adversely affected by time in prison, it is incumbent upon prison officials to implement repeated, comprehensive assessments of offenders’ attitudes, values, and behaviors throughout the period of incarceration and correlate these changes with recidivism upon release into the community.